Humans

absence reporting, acoustic mimicry, arithmetic, artwork, behavioral mimicry, compassion, cooperative problem-solving, double-articulation, meta-cognition, object classification, play, pointing, puzzle-solving, self-awareness, sentence-comprehension, syntax, tool-use, vocal signatures, working memory, ...

Clever animals

Elephants: arithmetic, artwork, behavioral mimicry, compassion, cooperative problem-solving, play, pointing, puzzle-solving, self-awareness, tool-use, trick learning, vocal signatures, working memory

Dogs: play, trick learning, ...

Dolphins: absence reporting, acoustic mimicry, behavioral mimicry, cooperative problem-solving, improvisation, numerical continuity, object classification, play, pointing, self-awareness, sentence-comprehension, tool-use, tiered alliances, trick learning, vocal signatures

Chimpanzees: tiered alliances, ...

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Definitions

• absence reporting: identifying objects that are absent
• cooperative problem-solving: i.e. elephants coordinating the simultaneous pulling of a rope for a reward
• double-articulation: layered, dual-meaning in language. In humans this means phonemes at the bottom with words at the top
• meta-cognition: thinking about thinking
• numerical continuity: recognizing that 1 and 2 are followed by 3 and 4
• play: self-directed or group-directed creative learning
• pointing: communicate an object by extending or recognizing an extension of an extremity like a finger or trunk
• improvisation: i.e. dolphins being rewarded for novel gestures
• self-awareness: mirror tests where animal knows its them, usually by a mark on their face
• sentence-comprehension: recognizing arbitrarily long and unique chains of words
• syntax: languages with grammars
• tiered alliances: fission-fusion societies require tracking multiple alliances (i.e. squads versus herds), which is society as humans know it
• vocal signatures: recognizing the "names" of known acquaintances through voice
• working memory: integrating different time-layers of memories into the present, such as how elephants can track multiple family members in different locations with associations to past events, such as droughts